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The passage mentions that medieval craft guilds were monopolies that resisted new entrants and required long apprenticeship periods, which could stifle innovative spirit. Similarly, the ethos of mass production prioritizes efficiency and consistency, which often comes at the expense of creativity. Therefore, Option a could be inferred.
Option b: While it is true that medieval guilds restricted entry through strict rules, the passage does not suggest that mass production involves such restrictions.
Option c: The passage does not discuss whether mass production or medieval guilds employed egalitarian processes.
Option d: The passage does not mention that medieval guilds or mass production focused excessively on product quality.
Hence, option a is the correct answer.