IIFT 2020

Maruti-Suzuki Company manufactures the Ciaz cars at its Manesar facility. The company employs labour and capital/machine as inputs in a 2 : 1 ratio of their quantities. The cost of one unit of labour (think it as wage per hour) is 500 rupees and the cost of one unit of capital (machine running cost per hour) is 1500 rupees. The total labour and capital cost for the monthly production is 5 crore rupees. Due to economic slowdown, the company has decided to reduce monthly production to half. Meanwhile, the labour cost has decreased by 20% and the capital cost has gone up by 20%. Find the total capital and labour cost the company would now incur for the monthly production.

Refer to the figure given below. AB, CD and EF are three parallel paths. A person starts from AB to reach EF by moving in four steps - moving from AB to in step 1, from to CD in step 2, from CD to in step 3 and from to EF in step 4. If he takes a curved path in one step, he cannot take a curved path in the next step. In how many ways the person can reach EF from AB ?

Sumit stays in Noida in a joint family comprising of his parents, uncle, aunt, an elder sister and a cousin two years younger than him. Sumit completed his MBA in 2013, from a reputed B-School. That year, the average age of Sumit's family was 41. Sumit got married in 2015 and two years after he became father. If the average age of Sumit's family in 2019 remains same as in 2013, and Sumit is older than his wife by 3 years, at what age did Sumit graduate MBA ?

A fruit seller in a locality uses dishonest practice as follows:
(i) He cheats on weight by 10 percent for every 1kg weight.
(ii) He pushes up the price of fruit by 15 percent and then gives a discount of 8 percent to the buyers for every kg sold.
Find the percentage profit of the fruit seller from sale of 1kg. (Profit is defined as Revenue - Cost)

Mr. Madhukar worked for 5 years in a multi-commodity trading company after graduating from a reputed B-School. He then resigned from his job and started an online garment export business. For his business Madhukar used Rs. 8,00,000/- of his own savings and borrowed Rs. 12,00,000/- from a private sector bank in April, the beginning month of the financial year. Mean while, RBI eased repo rate in May and banks passed on the benefits to the borrowers. As a result, Madhukar borrowed an additional Rs. 9,00,000/- after 4 months at an interest rate which is 10% lower than the interest rate of his earlier borrowing. If the total interest paid by Madhukarat the end of that year on both the loans is Rs. 1,39,200/-, what is the interest rate per annum on first borrowing ?

In the figure, a circle of radius 2 cm is inscribed in a square. There are four smaller circles at each of the cornerof the square. Whatis the total area covered by all the five circles ?

Three friends Pradeep, Suresh and Subodh workin the same office. During an extended weekend they decided to go together on a family trip to Corbett National Park. They started from office in their own car but at different time and travelled in the same direction at speeds of 50 km/hr, 60 km/hr and 75 km/hr respectively. Suresh and Subodh overtook Pradeep at the same point. If Suresh started 90 minutes after Pradeep, how many minutes after Pradeep did Subodh start from the office?

Suhani, an enterprising lady took the loan from M/s Koramattam Finance against her gold ornaments
at a simple interest of 12% per annum for 2 years. She, then, loaned 50% of the amount received from
M/s Koramattam Finance, to Vishamber at the rate of 16% per annum compounded half yearly for 2
years and the remaining amount to Kalawati at the rate of 12% per annum compounded
annually for 2 years. What was the approximate percentage earning of Suhani at the end of 2 years ?

A Financial Analyst estimates that the probability that the economy will experience recession in next
one year is 30%. He also believes that in case of recession, the probability that his mutual funds will
increase in value is 20%. He also believes that if there is no recession the probability that the value of
mutual funds will increase in value is 75%. Find the probability that mutualfunds value will increase.

Two cities Mathura and Agra, 48 kms apart, are located on the bank of River Yamuna. A motor boat
goes from Mathura to Agra and returns back as soon as possible. Yamuna flows at a speed of 6 km/hr.
The motorboat completes the trip from Mathura to Agra and back in not more than 6 hours. Assuming
the motorboat does nothalt at Agra, what should be the minimum speed of motorboatin still water?

An owner of a grocery shop purchases two varieties of grain. The price of first variety is twice the price of the second one. He mixes both the varieties and sells the mixture at the price of Rs. 28 per kg, making a profit of 25%. If the ratio of first variety of grain and the second variety of grain in the mixture is 2:3, find the price of first variety of grain.

Saudi Aramco and Reliance Industries entered into a joint venture where Saudi Aramco invested 20 billion dollars and Reliance Industries invested 30 billion dollars. The ownership ratio is always equal to the investment ratio. After 1 year, the venture made a profit of 6 billion dollars which they reinvested. Now Reliance Industries wants to increase its ownership to 75%, how much it should pay to Saudi Aramco in billion dollars ?

A water tanker can be filled by 2 pipes A & B separately in 16 min & 32 min respectively. Outlet of
the tanker is partially open and it can empty the full tanker completely in 1 hour 4 min. Pipes A & B
were opened simultaneously for 9 min to fill the tanker but the partially open outlet was not closed.
After 9 min the pipes A & B were closed and the tanker then went to Mohan's house, 6 km away to
deliver water. If the tanker moved at a constant speed of 36 km/hr, approximately what percentage of
tanker was full, when it reached Mohan's house?

An economic survey of total 1000 participants was carried out in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai about their wealth. 300 participants reported possessing both a house and a car. 500 participants reported possessing both a house and a motorbike. 200 participants reported possessing a house together with a motorbike and a car. Find the number of participants who possess both a house and car, or possess both a house and a motorbike.

ABC is an isosceles triangle. BDE, EFG, GHI and IJC are four equal isosceles triangles inside ABC triangle. D and F,F and H,H and
J are connected by circular arcs. The angle ABC is 30 degrees and BE is 1m. What is the area of the shaded region ?

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow :

The Reverend Jim Jones was the founder and leader of the People’s Temple. In 1978 Jones, facing charges of tax evasion, moved most of his one thousand followers from San Francisco to a small settlement in Guyana, which he named Jonestown. Facing a federal investigation for reported acts of child abuse and torture, Jones decided that his followers should poison their children and then themselves. They prepared vats of poison. A few people resisted; a few others shouted out their protest, but they were silenced. Following Jones’s orders, and the social pressures imposed by one another, mothers and fathers duly poisoned their children. Then they poisoned themselves. Their bodies were found arm in arm, lying together. Econs (and some economists we know) are pretty unsociable
creatures. They communicate with others if they can gain something from the encounter, they care abouttheir reputations, and they will learn from others if actual information can be obtained, but Econsare not followers of fashion. Their hemlines would not go up and down exceptfor practical reasons,andties, if they existed at all in a world of Econs, would not grow narrower and wider simply as a matter of style. (By the way, ties were originally used as napkins; they actually had a function.) Humans, on the other hand, are frequently nudged by other Humans. Sometimes massive social changes, in markets and politics alike, start with a small social nudge. Humans are not exactly lemmings, but they are easily influenced by the statements and deeds of others. (Again by the way, lemmings do not really commit mass suicide by following one another into the ocean. Our widely shared and some what defamatory beliefs about lemmings are based on an all-too-human urban legend—that is, people believe this because they are following other people. By contrast, the tale of mass suicide at Jonestown is no legend.) If you see a movie scene in which people are smiling, you are more likely to smile yourself (whether or not the movie is funny); yawns are contagious, too. Conventional wisdom hasit that if two people live together for a long time, they start to look like each other. This bit of folk wisdom turns out to be true. (For the curious: they grow to look alike partly because of nutrition—shared diets and eating habits—but much of the effect is simple imitation of facial expressions.) In fact couples who end up looking alike also tend to be happier! Here, we try to understand how and why social influences work. An understanding of those influences is important in our context for two reasons. First, most people learn from others. This is usually good, of course. Learning from others is how individuals and societies develop. But many of our biggest misconceptions also come from others. When social influences have caused people to have false orbiased beliefs, then some nudging may help. The second reason why this topic is important for our purposes is that one of the most effective ways to nudge (for good orevil) is via social influence. In Jonestown, that influence was so strong that an entire population committed suicide. But social influences have also created miracles, large and small. In many cities, including ours, dog owners now carry plastic bags when they walk their dogs, and strolling through the park has become much more pleasant as a result. This has happened even though the risk of being fined for unclean dog walking is essentially zero. Choice architects need to know howto encourage other socially beneficial behavior, and also how to discourage events like the one that occurred in Jonestown. Social influences come in two basic categories. The first involves information. If many people do something or think something, their actions
and their thoughts convey information about what might be best for you to do or think. The second involves peer pressure. If you care about what other people think about you (perhaps in the mistaken belief that they are paying some attention to what you are doing—see below), then you might go along with the crowd to avoid their wrath or curry their favor. For a quick glance at the power of social nudges,consider just a few research findings:
1. Teenage girls who see that other teenagers are having children are more likely to become pregnant themselves.
2. Obesity is contagious. If your best friends get fat, your risk of gaining weight goes up.
3. Broadcasters mimic one another, producing otherwise inexplicable fads in programming. (Think reality television, American Idol and its siblings, game shows that come and go,the rise and fall and rise of sciencefiction, and so forth.)
4. The academic effort of college studentsis influenced by their peers, so much so that the random assignments of first-year students to dormitories or roommates can have big consequences for their grades and hence on their future prospects. (Maybe parents should worry less about which college their kids go to and more about which roommate they get.)
5. Federal judges on three-judge panels are affected by the votes of their colleagues. The typical Republican appointee shows pretty liberal voting patterns when sitting with two Democratic appointees, and the typical Democratic appointee shows pretty conservative voting patterns when sitting with two Republican appointees. Both sets of appointees show far more moderate voting patterns when theyare sitting with at least one judge appointed by a president of the opposing political party.

The bottom line is that Humans are easily nudged by other Humans. Why? One reason is that we like to conform.

Identify the CORRECT statement:

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow :
The Reverend Jim Jones was the founder and leader of the People’s Temple. In 1978 Jones, facing charges of tax evasion, moved most of his one thousand followers from San Francisco to a small settlement in Guyana, which he named Jonestown. Facing a federal investigation for reported acts of child abuse and torture, Jones decided that his followers should poison their children and then themselves. They prepared vats of poison. A few people resisted; a few others shouted out their protest, but they were silenced. Following Jones’s orders, and the social pressures imposed by one another, mothers and fathers duly poisoned their children. Then they poisoned themselves. Their bodies were found arm in arm, lying together. Econs (and some economists we know) are pretty unsociable creatures. They communicate with others if they can gain something from the encounter, they care abouttheir reputations, and they will learn from others if actual information can be obtained, but Econsare not followers of fashion. Their hemlines would not go up and down exceptfor practical reasons,andties, if they existed at all in a world of Econs, would not grow narrower and wider simply as a matter of style. (By the way, ties were originally used as napkins; they actually had a function.) Humans, on the other hand, are frequently nudged by other Humans. Sometimes massive social changes, in markets and politics alike, start with a small social nudge. Humans are not exactly lemmings, but they are easily influenced by the statements and deeds of others. (Again by the way, lemmings do not really commit mass suicide by following one another into the ocean. Our widely shared and some what defamatory beliefs about lemmings are based on an all-too-human urban legend—that is, people believe this because they are following other people. By contrast, the tale of mass suicide at Jonestown is no legend.) If you see a movie scene in which people are smiling, you are more likely to smile yourself (whether or not the movie is funny); yawns are contagious, too. Conventional wisdom hasit that if two people live together for a long time, they start to look like each other. This bit of folk wisdom turns out to be true. (For the curious: they grow to look alike partly because of nutrition—shared diets and eating habits—but much of the effect is simple imitation of facial expressions.) In fact couples who end up looking alike also tend to be happier! Here, we try to understand how and why social influences work. An understanding of those influences is important in our context for two reasons. First, most people learn from others. This is usually good, of course. Learning from others is how individuals and societies develop. But many of our biggest misconceptions also come from others. When social influences have caused people to have false orbiased beliefs, then some nudging may help. The second reason why this topic is important for our purposes is that one of the most effective ways to nudge (for good orevil) is via social influence. In Jonestown, that influence was so strong that an entire population committed suicide. But social influences have also created miracles, large and small. In many cities, including ours, dog owners now carry plastic bags when they walk their dogs, and strolling through the park has become much more pleasant as a result. This has happened even though the risk of being fined for unclean dog walking is essentially zero. Choice architects need to know howto encourage other socially beneficial behavior, and also how to discourage events like the one that occurred in Jonestown. Social influences come in two basic categories. The first involves information. If many people do something or think something, their actions
and their thoughts convey information about what might be best for you to do or think. The second involves peer pressure. If you care about what other people think about you (perhaps in the mistaken belief that they are paying some attention to what you are doing—see below), then you might go along with the crowd to avoid their wrath or curry their favor. For a quick glance at the power of social nudges,consider just a few research findings:
1. Teenage girls who see that other teenagers are having children are more likely to become pregnant themselves.
2. Obesity is contagious. If your best friends get fat, your risk of gaining weight goes up.
3. Broadcasters mimic one another, producing otherwise inexplicable fads in programming. (Think reality television, American Idol and its siblings, game shows that come and go,the rise and fall and rise of sciencefiction, and so forth.)
4. The academic effort of college studentsis influenced by their peers, so much so that the random assignments of first-year students to dormitories or roommates can have big consequences for their grades and hence on their future prospects. (Maybe parents should worry less about which college their kids go to and more about which roommate they get.)
5. Federal judges on three-judge panels are affected by the votes of their colleagues. The typical Republican appointee shows pretty liberal voting patterns when sitting with two Democratic appointees, and the typical Democratic appointee shows pretty conservative voting patterns when sitting with two Republican appointees. Both sets of appointees show far more moderate voting patterns when theyare sitting with at least one judge appointed by a president of the opposing political party.

The bottom line is that Humans are easily nudged by other Humans. Why? One reason is that we like to conform.

Identify the CORRECT statement: 

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow :
The Reverend Jim Jones was the founder and leader of the People’s Temple. In 1978 Jones, facing charges of tax evasion, moved most of his one thousand followers from San Francisco to a small settlement in Guyana, which he named Jonestown. Facing a federal investigation for reported acts of child abuse and torture, Jones decided that his followers should poison their children and then themselves. They prepared vats of poison. A few people resisted; a few others shouted out their protest, but they were silenced. Following Jones’s orders, and the social pressures imposed by one another, mothers and fathers duly poisoned their children. Then they poisoned themselves. Their bodies were found arm in arm, lying together. Econs (and some economists we know) are pretty unsociable
creatures. They communicate with others if they can gain something from the encounter, they care abouttheir reputations, and they will learn from others if actual information can be obtained, but Econsare not followers of fashion. Their hemlines would not go up and down exceptfor practical reasons,andties, if they existed at all in a world of Econs, would not grow narrower and wider simply as a matter of style. (By the way, ties were originally used as napkins; they actually had a function.) Humans, on the other hand, are frequently nudged by other Humans. Sometimes massive social changes, in markets and politics alike, start with a small social nudge. Humans are not exactly lemmings, but they are easily influenced by the statements and deeds of others. (Again by the way, lemmings
do not really commit mass suicide by following one another into the ocean. Our widely shared and some what defamatory beliefs about lemmings are based on an all-too-human urban legend—that is, people believe this because they are following other people. By contrast, the tale of mass suicide at Jonestown is no legend.) If you see a movie scene in which people are smiling, you are more likely to smile yourself (whether or not the movie is funny); yawns are contagious, too. Conventional wisdom hasit that if two people live together for a long time, they start to look like each other. This bit of folk wisdom turns out to be true. (For the curious: they grow to look alike partly because of nutrition—shared diets and eating habits—but much of the effect is simple imitation of facial expressions.) In fact couples who end up looking alike also tend to be happier! Here, we try to understand how and why social influences work. An understanding of those influences is important in our context for two reasons. First, most people learn from others. This is usually good, of course. Learning from others is how individuals and societies develop. But many of our biggest misconceptions also come from others. When social influences have caused people to have false orbiased beliefs, then some nudging may help. The second reason why this topic is important for our purposes is that one of the most effective ways to nudge (for good orevil) is via social influence. In Jonestown, that influence was so strong that an entire population committed suicide. But social influences have also created miracles, large and small. In many cities, including ours, dog owners now carry plastic bags when they walk their dogs, and strolling through the park has become much more pleasant as a result. This has happened even though the risk of being fined for unclean dog walking is essentially zero. Choice architects need to know howto encourage other socially beneficial behavior, and also how to discourage events like the one that occurred in Jonestown. Social influences come in two basic categories. The first involves information. If many people do something or think something, their actions
and their thoughts convey information about what might be best for you to do or think. The second involves peer pressure. If you care about what other people think about you (perhaps in the mistaken belief that they are paying some attention to what you are doing—see below), then you might go along with the crowd to avoid their wrath or curry their favor. For a quick glance at the power of social
nudges,consider just a few research findings:
1. Teenage girls who see that other teenagers are having children are more likely to become pregnant themselves.
2. Obesity is contagious. If your best friends get fat, your risk of gaining weight goes up.
3. Broadcasters mimic one another, producing otherwise inexplicable fads in programming. (Think reality television, American Idol and its siblings, game shows that come and go,the rise and fall and rise of sciencefiction, and so forth.)
4. The academic effort of college studentsis influenced by their peers, so much so that the random assignments of first-year students to dormitories or roommates can have big consequences for their grades and hence on their future prospects. (Maybe parents should worry less about which college their kids go to and more about which roommate they get.)
5. Federal judges on three-judge panels are affected by the votes of their colleagues. The typical Republican appointee shows pretty liberal voting patterns when sitting with two Democratic appointees, and the typical Democratic appointee shows pretty conservative voting patterns when sitting with two Republican appointees. Both sets of appointees show far more moderate voting patterns when theyare sitting with at least one judge appointed by a president of the opposing political party.

The bottom line is that Humans are easily nudged by other Humans. Why? One reason is that we like to conform.

Given below are four statements
Statement I: Republican appointees are conservative.
Statement II: Democratic appointees are liberal.
Statement III : Three judge panels are known for inaccurate decisions.
Statement IV : Dormitory students are better performers in college.
In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below

Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow :
The Reverend Jim Jones was the founder and leader of the People’s Temple. In 1978 Jones, facing charges of tax evasion, moved most of his one thousand followers from San Francisco to a small settlement in Guyana, which he named Jonestown. Facing a federal investigation for reported acts of child abuse and torture, Jones decided that his followers should poison their children and then themselves. They prepared vats of poison. A few people resisted; a few others shouted out their protest, but they were silenced. Following Jones’s orders, and the social pressures imposed by one another, mothers and fathers duly poisoned their children. Then they poisoned themselves. Their bodies were found arm in arm, lying together. Econs (and some economists we know) are pretty unsociable
creatures. They communicate with others if they can gain something from the encounter, they care abouttheir reputations, and they will learn from others if actual information can be obtained, but Econsare not followers of fashion. Their hemlines would not go up and down exceptfor practical reasons,andties, if they existed at all in a world of Econs, would not grow narrower and wider simply as a matter of style. (By the way, ties were originally used as napkins; they actually had a function.) Humans, on the other hand, are frequently nudged by other Humans. Sometimes massive social changes, in markets and politics alike, start with a small social nudge. Humans are not exactly lemmings, but they are easily influenced by the statements and deeds of others. (Again by the way, lemmings
do not really commit mass suicide by following one another into the ocean. Our widely shared and some what defamatory beliefs about lemmings are based on an all-too-human urban legend—that is, people believe this because they are following other people. By contrast, the tale of mass suicide at Jonestown is no legend.) If you see a movie scene in which people are smiling, you are more likely to smile yourself (whether or not the movie is funny); yawns are contagious, too. Conventional wisdom hasit that if two people live together for a long time, they start to look like each other. This bit of folk wisdom turns out to be true. (For the curious: they grow to look alike partly because of nutrition—shared diets and eating habits—but much of the effect is simple imitation of facial expressions.) In fact couples who end up looking alike also tend to be happier! Here, we try to understand how and why social influences work. An understanding of those influences is important in our context for two reasons. First, most people learn from others. This is usually good, of course. Learning from others is how individuals and societies develop. But many of our biggest misconceptions also come from others. When social influences have caused people to have false orbiased beliefs, then some nudging may help. The second reason why this topic is important for our purposes is that one of the most effective ways to nudge (for good orevil) is via social influence. In Jonestown, that influence was so strong that an entire population committed suicide. But social influences have also created miracles, large and small. In many cities, including ours, dog owners now carry plastic bags when they walk their dogs, and strolling through the park has become much more pleasant as a result. This has happened even though the risk of being fined for unclean dog walking is essentially zero. Choice architects need to know howto encourage other socially beneficial behavior, and also how to discourage events like the one that occurred in Jonestown. Social influences come in two basic categories. The first involves information. If many people do something or think something, their actions
and their thoughts convey information about what might be best for you to do or think. The second involves peer pressure. If you care about what other people think about you (perhaps in the mistaken belief that they are paying some attention to what you are doing—see below), then you might go along with the crowd to avoid their wrath or curry their favor. For a quick glance at the power of social
nudges,consider just a few research findings:
1. Teenage girls who see that other teenagers are having children are more likely to become pregnant themselves.
2. Obesity is contagious. If your best friends get fat, your risk of gaining weight goes up.
3. Broadcasters mimic one another, producing otherwise inexplicable fads in programming. (Think reality television, American Idol and its siblings, game shows that come and go,the rise and fall and rise of sciencefiction, and so forth.)
4. The academic effort of college studentsis influenced by their peers, so much so that the random assignments of first-year students to dormitories or roommates can have big consequences for their grades and hence on their future prospects. (Maybe parents should worry less about which college their kids go to and more about which roommate they get.)
5. Federal judges on three-judge panels are affected by the votes of their colleagues. The typical Republican appointee shows pretty liberal voting patterns when sitting with two Democratic appointees, and the typical Democratic appointee shows pretty conservative voting patterns when sitting with two Republican appointees. Both sets of appointees show far more moderate voting patterns when theyare sitting with at least one judge appointed by a president of the opposing political party.

The bottom line is that Humans are easily nudged by other Humans. Why? One reason is that we like to conform.

Main idea in the passage is about:

Cultural arguments once loomed large in explanations of the ways in which countries differed economically and politically. Economistsmostly abandoned such reasoning in the 20th century, not only because it provided cover for racists but also because of its lack ofexplanatory power. In 1970 Robert Solow, a Nobel prize winner, quipped that attempts to explain growth with variables such as culturegenerally ended up “in a blaze of amateur sociology”. This position is changing, however, and not before time. A better grasp of howcultures work may be needed to understand modern political economy.

The responsible intellectual use of cultural argument begins with clear terminology. In "A Culture of Growth", published in 2016, Joel Mokyr, an economichistorian at Northwestern University describes culture as a setof beliefs, values, and preferences, capable ofaffecting behaviour, that are socially (not genetically) transmitted and that are shared by some subset of society". Economists typicallytreat rationalself-interest as the lodestar of human behaviour. But Mr Mokyr recognises that acquired social codes also influenceindividual choices, and thus broader economicactivity. Culture is not immutable, as those who ascribe countries’ diverging fates to deeprootedcultural attributes often suggest. It evolvesas the ideasand influenceofdifferent groupsshift.

Cultural evolution is essential to the thesis of "A Culture of Growth", which attempts to explain why sustained growth began where and whenit did. Mr Mokyr saysthat factors often credited with kick-starting industrialisation- such as capital accumulation and the cost and supply of certain kinds of labour- may be necessary but are not sufficient. The true catalyst was a continent-wide evolution in beliefs. In Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries, a group of intellectuals often called the “Republic of Letters" groped their way towards a  bold new view of nature and knowledge. Francis Bacon, an English intellectual and early contributor to the movement, thought that through disinterested and open inquiry, nature's secrets could be understood and then manipulated to the benefit of humankind. Such views helped nurture the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, but also percolated through society, influencing behaviour. Once the notion became widespread that objective knowledge waspossible and could be used to improve people's lives, the emergence of self-sustaining economic growth wasnear-inevitable.

In a recent essay Enrico Spolaore of Tufts University writes that Mr Mokyr’s ideas show how economists might make better use of culture. He does not simply argue that Europeindustrializedfirst because of a particular Europeancultural way of being. Rather, he identifies a specific cultural change - the rise of an evidence-based, humanistic approach to scientific inquiry - which led to a shift in behaviour that enabled industrialisation. He contrasts this with, for example, China, where rationalistic schools of philosophy such as Mohism were eclipsedin intellectual circles by tradition-venerating Confucianism. China’s fate is not down to something inherent in Chinese culture. Rather, history unfolded one wayin oneplace, and anotherin another.

According to Mr Mokyr’s thesis :

Cultural arguments once loomed large in explanations of the ways in which countries differed economically and politically. Economistsmostly abandoned such reasoning in the 20th century, not only because it provided cover for racists but also because of its lack ofexplanatory power. In 1970 Robert Solow, a Nobel prize winner, quipped that attempts to explain growth with variables such as culturegenerally ended up “in a blaze of amateur sociology”. This position is changing, however, and not before time. A better grasp of howcultures work may be needed to understand modern political economy.

The responsible intellectual use of cultural argument begins with clear terminology. In "A Culture of Growth", published in 2016, Joel Mokyr, an economichistorian at Northwestern University describes culture as a setof beliefs, values, and preferences, capable ofaffecting behaviour, that are socially (not genetically) transmitted and that are shared by some subset of society". Economists typicallytreat rationalself-interest as the lodestar of human behaviour. But Mr Mokyr recognises that acquired social codes also influenceindividual choices, and thus broader economicactivity. Culture is not immutable, as those who ascribe countries’ diverging fates to deeprootedcultural attributes often suggest. It evolvesas the ideasand influenceofdifferent groupsshift.

Cultural evolution is essential to the thesis of "A Culture of Growth", which attempts to explain why sustained growth began where and whenit did. Mr Mokyr saysthat factors often credited with kick-starting industrialisation- such as capital accumulation and the cost and supply of certain kinds of labour- may be necessary but are not sufficient. The true catalyst was a continent-wide evolution in beliefs. In Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries, a group of intellectuals often called the “Republic of Letters" groped their way towards a  bold new view of nature and knowledge. Francis Bacon, an English intellectual and early contributor to the movement, thought that through disinterested and open inquiry, nature's secrets could be understood and then manipulated to the benefit of humankind. Such views helped nurture the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, but also percolated through society, influencing behaviour. Once the notion became widespread that objective knowledge waspossible and could be used to improve people's lives, the emergence of self-sustaining economic growth wasnear-inevitable.

In a recent essay Enrico Spolaore of Tufts University writes that Mr Mokyr’s ideas show how economists might make better use of culture. He does not simply argue that Europeindustrializedfirst because of a particular Europeancultural way of being. Rather, he identifies a specific cultural change - the rise of an evidence-based, humanistic approach to scientific inquiry - which led to a shift in behaviour that enabled industrialisation. He contrasts this with, for example, China, where rationalistic schools of philosophy such as Mohism were eclipsedin intellectual circles by tradition-venerating Confucianism. China’s fate is not down to something inherent in Chinese culture. Rather, history unfolded one wayin oneplace, and anotherin another.

Enrico Spolaore believes:

Cultural arguments once loomed large in explanations of the ways in which countries differed economically and politically. Economistsmostly abandoned such reasoning in the 20th century, not only because it provided cover for racists but also because of its lack ofexplanatory power. In 1970 Robert Solow, a Nobel prize winner, quipped that attempts to explain growth with variables such as culturegenerally ended up “in a blaze of amateur sociology”. This position is changing, however, and not before time. A better grasp of howcultures work may be needed to understand modern political economy.

The responsible intellectual use of cultural argument begins with clear terminology. In "A Culture of Growth", published in 2016, Joel Mokyr, an economichistorian at Northwestern University describes culture as a setof beliefs, values, and preferences, capable ofaffecting behaviour, that are socially (not genetically) transmitted and that are shared by some subset of society". Economists typicallytreat rationalself-interest as the lodestar of human behaviour. But Mr Mokyr recognises that acquired social codes also influenceindividual choices, and thus broader economicactivity. Culture is not immutable, as those who ascribe countries’ diverging fates to deeprootedcultural attributes often suggest. It evolvesas the ideasand influenceofdifferent groupsshift.

Cultural evolution is essential to the thesis of "A Culture of Growth", which attempts to explain why sustained growth began where and whenit did. Mr Mokyr saysthat factors often credited with kick-starting industrialisation- such as capital accumulation and the cost and supply of certain kinds of labour- may be necessary but are not sufficient. The true catalyst was a continent-wide evolution in beliefs. In Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries, a group of intellectuals often called the “Republic of Letters" groped their way towards a  bold new view of nature and knowledge. Francis Bacon, an English intellectual and early contributor to the movement, thought that through disinterested and open inquiry, nature's secrets could be understood and then manipulated to the benefit of humankind. Such views helped nurture the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, but also percolated through society, influencing behaviour. Once the notion became widespread that objective knowledge waspossible and could be used to improve people's lives, the emergence of self-sustaining economic growth wasnear-inevitable.

In a recent essay Enrico Spolaore of Tufts University writes that Mr Mokyr’s ideas show how economists might make better use of culture. He does not simply argue that Europeindustrializedfirst because of a particular Europeancultural way of being. Rather, he identifies a specific cultural change - the rise of an evidence-based, humanistic approach to scientific inquiry - which led to a shift in behaviour that enabled industrialisation. He contrasts this with, for example, China, where rationalistic schools of philosophy such as Mohism were eclipsedin intellectual circles by tradition-venerating Confucianism. China’s fate is not down to something inherent in Chinese culture. Rather, history unfolded one wayin oneplace, and anotherin another.

In “A Culture of Growth” Mr Mokyr tries to analyse :
 

Cultural arguments once loomed large in explanations of the ways in which countries differed economically and politically. Economistsmostly abandoned such reasoning in the 20th century, not only because it provided cover for racists but also because of its lack ofexplanatory power. In 1970 Robert Solow, a Nobel prize winner, quipped that attempts to explain growth with variables such as culturegenerally ended up “in a blaze of amateur sociology”. This position is changing, however, and not before time. A better grasp of howcultures work may be needed to understand modern political economy.

The responsible intellectual use of cultural argument begins with clear terminology. In "A Culture of Growth", published in 2016, Joel Mokyr, an economichistorian at Northwestern University describes culture as a setof beliefs, values, and preferences, capable ofaffecting behaviour, that are socially (not genetically) transmitted and that are shared by some subset of society". Economists typicallytreat rationalself-interest as the lodestar of human behaviour. But Mr Mokyr recognises that acquired social codes also influenceindividual choices, and thus broader economicactivity. Culture is not immutable, as those who ascribe countries’ diverging fates to deeprootedcultural attributes often suggest. It evolvesas the ideasand influenceofdifferent groupsshift.

Cultural evolution is essential to the thesis of "A Culture of Growth", which attempts to explain why sustained growth began where and whenit did. Mr Mokyr saysthat factors often credited with kick-starting industrialisation- such as capital accumulation and the cost and supply of certain kinds of labour- may be necessary but are not sufficient. The true catalyst was a continent-wide evolution in beliefs. In Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries, a group of intellectuals often called the “Republic of Letters" groped their way towards a  bold new view of nature and knowledge. Francis Bacon, an English intellectual and early contributor to the movement, thought that through disinterested and open inquiry, nature's secrets could be understood and then manipulated to the benefit of humankind. Such views helped nurture the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, but also percolated through society, influencing behaviour. Once the notion became widespread that objective knowledge waspossible and could be used to improve people's lives, the emergence of self-sustaining economic growth wasnear-inevitable.

In a recent essay Enrico Spolaore of Tufts University writes that Mr Mokyr’s ideas show how economists might make better use of culture. He does not simply argue that Europeindustrializedfirst because of a particular Europeancultural way of being. Rather, he identifies a specific cultural change - the rise of an evidence-based, humanistic approach to scientific inquiry - which led to a shift in behaviour that enabled industrialisation. He contrasts this with, for example, China, where rationalistic schools of philosophy such as Mohism were eclipsedin intellectual circles by tradition-venerating Confucianism. China’s fate is not down to something inherent in Chinese culture. Rather, history unfolded one wayin oneplace, and anotherin another.

The following statement best captures the theme of the passage:
 

Read the passage and answer the questions that follow :
To say that all individuals are embedded in and the product of society is banal. Obama rises above banality by means of fallacy: equating society with government, the collectivity with the state. Of course we are shaped by our milieu. But the most formative, most important influence on the individual is not government. It is civil society, those elements of the collectivity that lie outside government: family, neighborhood, church, Rotary club, PTA, the voluntary associations that Tocqueville understood to be the genius of America and source of its energy and freedom. Moreover, the greatest threat to a robust, autonomouscivil society is the ever-growing Leviathan state and those like Obama whosee it as the ultimate expression of the collective. Obama compoundsthe fallacy by declaring the state to be the font of entrepreneurial success. How so? It created the infrastructure— roads, bridges, schools, Internet—off which weall thrive. Absurd. We don’t credit the Swiss postal service with the Special Theory of Relativity because it transmitted Einstein’s manuscript to the Annalen der Physik. Everyone drives the roads, goes to school, uses the mails. So did Steve Jobs. Yet only he created the Mac and the iPad.

Obama’s infrastructure argument is easily refuted by what is essentially a controlled social
experiment. Roads and schools are the constant. What’s variable is the energy, enterprise, risk-taking, hard work and genius of the individual. It is therefore precisely those individual characteristics, not thecommunal utilities that account for the different outcomes. The ultimate Obamafallacy, however, isthe conceit that belief in the value of infrastructure—and willingness to invest in its creation and maintenance—is what divides liberals from conservatives

Morenonsense.Infrastructure is not a liberal idea, noris it particularly new. The Via Appia wasbuilt 2,300 years ago. The Romansbuilt aqueducts, too. And sewers. Since forever, infrastructure has been consensually understood to be a core function of government. The argument betweenleft and right is about what you do beyondinfrastructure. It’s about transfer payments and redistributionist taxation, about geometrically expanding entitlements, about tax breaks and subsidies to induce actions pleasing to central planners.It’s about free contraceptives for privileged students and welfare without work— the latest Obama entitlement-by-decree that would fatally undermine the great bipartisan welfarereform of 1996.

What divides liberals and conservatives is not roads and bridges but Julia’s world, an Obama campaign creation that may be the most self-revealing parody of liberalism ever conceived. It’s a series of cartoonillustrations in which a functional Julia is swaddled and subsidized throughout her life by an all-giving government of bottomless pockets and “Queen for a Day” magnanimity. At every stage, the state is there to provide—preschool classes and cut-rate college loans, birth control and maternity care, business loans and retirement. The only time she’s on her ownis at her grave site. Julia’s worldis totally atomized. It contains no friends, no community and, of course, no spouse. Who
needs one? She’s married to the providerstate. Or to put it slightly differently, the “Life of Julia” represents the paradigmatic Obamapolitical philosophy:citizen as orphan child. For the conservative, providing for every need is the duty that government owes to actual orphan children. Not to supposedly autonomous adults. Beyond infrastructure, the conservative sees the proper role of government as providing not European-style universal entitlements but a firm safety net, meaning Julia-like treatment for those who really cannot makeit on their own—those too youngortoo old, too mentally or physically impaired, to provide for themselves.

Limited government so conceived has two indispensable advantages. It avoids inexorable Europeanstyle national insolvency. And it avoids breeding debilitating individual dependency. It encourages and celebrates character, independence, energy, hard work as the foundations of a free society and a thriving economy—precisely the virtues Obama discounts and devalues in his accounting of the
wealth of nations.

According to the passage, the greatest threat to the civil societyis:

Read the passage and answer the questions that follow :
To say that all individuals are embedded in and the product of society is banal. Obama rises above banality by means of fallacy: equating society with government, the collectivity with the state. Of course we are shaped by our milieu. But the most formative, most important influence on the individual is not government. It is civil society, those elements of the collectivity that lie outside government: family, neighborhood, church, Rotary club, PTA, the voluntary associations that Tocqueville understood to be the genius of America and source of its energy and freedom. Moreover, the greatest threat to a robust, autonomouscivil society is the ever-growing Leviathan state and those like Obama whosee it as the ultimate expression of the collective. Obama compoundsthe fallacy by declaring the state to be the font of entrepreneurial success. How so? It created the infrastructure— roads, bridges, schools, Internet—off which weall thrive. Absurd. We don’t credit the Swiss postal service with the Special Theory of Relativity because it transmitted Einstein’s manuscript to the Annalen der Physik. Everyone drives the roads, goes to school, uses the mails. So did Steve Jobs. Yet only he created the Mac and the iPad.

Obama’s infrastructure argument is easily refuted by what is essentially a controlled social
experiment. Roads and schools are the constant. What’s variable is the energy, enterprise, risk-taking, hard work and genius of the individual. It is therefore precisely those individual characteristics, not thecommunal utilities that account for the different outcomes. The ultimate Obamafallacy, however, isthe conceit that belief in the value of infrastructure—and willingness to invest in its creation and maintenance—is what divides liberals from conservatives

Morenonsense.Infrastructure is not a liberal idea, noris it particularly new. The Via Appia wasbuilt 2,300 years ago. The Romansbuilt aqueducts, too. And sewers. Since forever, infrastructure has been consensually understood to be a core function of government. The argument betweenleft and right is about what you do beyondinfrastructure. It’s about transfer payments and redistributionist taxation, about geometrically expanding entitlements, about tax breaks and subsidies to induce actions pleasing to central planners.It’s about free contraceptives for privileged students and welfare without work— the latest Obama entitlement-by-decree that would fatally undermine the great bipartisan welfarereform of 1996.

What divides liberals and conservatives is not roads and bridges but Julia’s world, an Obama campaign creation that may be the most self-revealing parody of liberalism ever conceived. It’s a series of cartoonillustrations in which a functional Julia is swaddled and subsidized throughout her life by an all-giving government of bottomless pockets and “Queen for a Day” magnanimity. At every stage, the state is there to provide—preschool classes and cut-rate college loans, birth control and maternity care, business loans and retirement. The only time she’s on her ownis at her grave site. Julia’s worldis totally atomized. It contains no friends, no community and, of course, no spouse. Who
needs one? She’s married to the providerstate. Or to put it slightly differently, the “Life of Julia” represents the paradigmatic Obamapolitical philosophy:citizen as orphan child. For the conservative, providing for every need is the duty that government owes to actual orphan children. Not to supposedly autonomous adults. Beyond infrastructure, the conservative sees the proper role of government as providing not European-style universal entitlements but a firm safety net, meaning Julia-like treatment for those who really cannot makeit on their own—those too youngortoo old, too mentally or physically impaired, to provide for themselves.

Limited government so conceived has two indispensable advantages. It avoids inexorable Europeanstyle national insolvency. And it avoids breeding debilitating individual dependency. It encourages and celebrates character, independence, energy, hard work as the foundations of a free society and a thriving economy—precisely the virtues Obama discounts and devalues in his accounting of the
wealth of nations.

With reference to the passage, which of following statement is true?

Read the passage and answer the questions that follow :
To say that all individuals are embedded in and the product of society is banal. Obama rises above banality by means of fallacy: equating society with government, the collectivity with the state. Of course we are shaped by our milieu. But the most formative, most important influence on the individual is not government. It is civil society, those elements of the collectivity that lie outside government: family, neighborhood, church, Rotary club, PTA, the voluntary associations that Tocqueville understood to be the genius of America and source of its energy and freedom. Moreover, the greatest threat to a robust, autonomouscivil society is the ever-growing Leviathan state and those like Obama whosee it as the ultimate expression of the collective. Obama compoundsthe fallacy by declaring the state to be the font of entrepreneurial success. How so? It created the infrastructure— roads, bridges, schools, Internet—off which weall thrive. Absurd. We don’t credit the Swiss postal service with the Special Theory of Relativity because it transmitted Einstein’s manuscript to the Annalen der Physik. Everyone drives the roads, goes to school, uses the mails. So did Steve Jobs. Yet only he created the Mac and the iPad.

Obama’s infrastructure argument is easily refuted by what is essentially a controlled social
experiment. Roads and schools are the constant. What’s variable is the energy, enterprise, risk-taking, hard work and genius of the individual. It is therefore precisely those individual characteristics, not thecommunal utilities that account for the different outcomes. The ultimate Obamafallacy, however, isthe conceit that belief in the value of infrastructure—and willingness to invest in its creation and maintenance—is what divides liberals from conservatives

Morenonsense.Infrastructure is not a liberal idea, noris it particularly new. The Via Appia wasbuilt 2,300 years ago. The Romansbuilt aqueducts, too. And sewers. Since forever, infrastructure has been consensually understood to be a core function of government. The argument betweenleft and right is about what you do beyondinfrastructure. It’s about transfer payments and redistributionist taxation, about geometrically expanding entitlements, about tax breaks and subsidies to induce actions pleasing to central planners.It’s about free contraceptives for privileged students and welfare without work— the latest Obama entitlement-by-decree that would fatally undermine the great bipartisan welfarereform of 1996.

What divides liberals and conservatives is not roads and bridges but Julia’s world, an Obama campaign creation that may be the most self-revealing parody of liberalism ever conceived. It’s a series of cartoonillustrations in which a functional Julia is swaddled and subsidized throughout her life by an all-giving government of bottomless pockets and “Queen for a Day” magnanimity. At every stage, the state is there to provide—preschool classes and cut-rate college loans, birth control and maternity care, business loans and retirement. The only time she’s on her ownis at her grave site. Julia’s worldis totally atomized. It contains no friends, no community and, of course, no spouse. Who
needs one? She’s married to the providerstate. Or to put it slightly differently, the “Life of Julia” represents the paradigmatic Obamapolitical philosophy:citizen as orphan child. For the conservative, providing for every need is the duty that government owes to actual orphan children. Not to supposedly autonomous adults. Beyond infrastructure, the conservative sees the proper role of government as providing not European-style universal entitlements but a firm safety net, meaning Julia-like treatment for those who really cannot makeit on their own—those too youngortoo old, too mentally or physically impaired, to provide for themselves.

Limited government so conceived has two indispensable advantages. It avoids inexorable Europeanstyle national insolvency. And it avoids breeding debilitating individual dependency. It encourages and celebrates character, independence, energy, hard work as the foundations of a free society and a thriving economy—precisely the virtues Obama discounts and devalues in his accounting of the
wealth of nations.

The primary objective of the passage is to:
 

Read the passage and answer the questions that follow :
To say that all individuals are embedded in and the product of society is banal. Obama rises above banality by means of fallacy: equating society with government, the collectivity with the state. Of course we are shaped by our milieu. But the most formative, most important influence on the individual is not government. It is civil society, those elements of the collectivity that lie outside government: family, neighborhood, church, Rotary club, PTA, the voluntary associations that Tocqueville understood to be the genius of America and source of its energy and freedom. Moreover, the greatest threat to a robust, autonomouscivil society is the ever-growing Leviathan state and those like Obama whosee it as the ultimate expression of the collective. Obama compoundsthe fallacy by declaring the state to be the font of entrepreneurial success. How so? It created the infrastructure— roads, bridges, schools, Internet—off which weall thrive. Absurd. We don’t credit the Swiss postal service with the Special Theory of Relativity because it transmitted Einstein’s manuscript to the Annalen der Physik. Everyone drives the roads, goes to school, uses the mails. So did Steve Jobs. Yet only he created the Mac and the iPad.

Obama’s infrastructure argument is easily refuted by what is essentially a controlled social
experiment. Roads and schools are the constant. What’s variable is the energy, enterprise, risk-taking, hard work and genius of the individual. It is therefore precisely those individual characteristics, not thecommunal utilities that account for the different outcomes. The ultimate Obamafallacy, however, isthe conceit that belief in the value of infrastructure—and willingness to invest in its creation and maintenance—is what divides liberals from conservatives

Morenonsense.Infrastructure is not a liberal idea, noris it particularly new. The Via Appia wasbuilt 2,300 years ago. The Romansbuilt aqueducts, too. And sewers. Since forever, infrastructure has been consensually understood to be a core function of government. The argument betweenleft and right is about what you do beyondinfrastructure. It’s about transfer payments and redistributionist taxation, about geometrically expanding entitlements, about tax breaks and subsidies to induce actions pleasing to central planners.It’s about free contraceptives for privileged students and welfare without work— the latest Obama entitlement-by-decree that would fatally undermine the great bipartisan welfarereform of 1996.

What divides liberals and conservatives is not roads and bridges but Julia’s world, an Obama campaign creation that may be the most self-revealing parody of liberalism ever conceived. It’s a series of cartoonillustrations in which a functional Julia is swaddled and subsidized throughout her life by an all-giving government of bottomless pockets and “Queen for a Day” magnanimity. At every stage, the state is there to provide—preschool classes and cut-rate college loans, birth control and maternity care, business loans and retirement. The only time she’s on her ownis at her grave site. Julia’s worldis totally atomized. It contains no friends, no community and, of course, no spouse. Who
needs one? She’s married to the providerstate. Or to put it slightly differently, the “Life of Julia” represents the paradigmatic Obamapolitical philosophy:citizen as orphan child. For the conservative, providing for every need is the duty that government owes to actual orphan children. Not to supposedly autonomous adults. Beyond infrastructure, the conservative sees the proper role of government as providing not European-style universal entitlements but a firm safety net, meaning Julia-like treatment for those who really cannot makeit on their own—those too youngortoo old, too mentally or physically impaired, to provide for themselves.

Limited government so conceived has two indispensable advantages. It avoids inexorable Europeanstyle national insolvency. And it avoids breeding debilitating individual dependency. It encourages and celebrates character, independence, energy, hard work as the foundations of a free society and a thriving economy—precisely the virtues Obama discounts and devalues in his accounting of the
wealth of nations.

According to the passage, which of the following statementis false?

As Western holiday makers escape their daily grind and head to the beach this summer, a concern is likely to resurface- literally really, if it washes up on the pristine sandin front of them. In the past two years plastic litter in the ocean seemsto have eclipsed other environmental anxieties among rich-world consumers. Harrowing imagesof sea life ensnared in plastic bags, as depicted in “Blue Planet II”, a popular British television series from 2017 presented by Sir David Attenborough, would be enough to make any one choke on the plastic straw in their pifia colada-if, that is, you were offered one. Politicians everywhere are responding to voters’ demands by banning straws,stirrers and other single- use plastics. The UN says that last year 127 countries had restrictions on plastic bags. This month Panama becamethe first Central American country to outlaw them. Britain is considering a tax on plastic packaging made with less than 30% recycled content. In March 560 members of the European Parliament backed a law that would require 90% ofplastic bottles to be recycled by 2029. Just 35 voted against.

Given the environmental footprint of substitutes like cotton bags, aluminium cans or paper boxes-which often require more energy and water to make and transport than plastic equivalents- new regulations could in fact end up doing harm to the planet. Nonetheless the plastics industry can expect ever more curbsonits products, a trend that will force businesses involved to reshape. Bottles, boxes, films and the like consume nearly half of global output of the polymers on which they rely. Many companiesin the $375bnplastic-packaging value chain-which comprises producers of oil and gas (the main feedstock), petrochemical giants packaging firms and consumerbrands-lookill-prepared

Companiesat either end of the chain are the least vulnerable. Beverage-makers will happily switch from oil-derived plastic to recycled stuff for their bottles-or to aluminium cans-so long as the numbers add up (which they do whenhighoil prices push up the cost of virgin plastic). Even so, ExxonMobil or Coca-Cola cannot relax. Seema Suchak of Schroders, an asset manager, estimates that fizzy-drinks firms that fail to reduce their reliance on virgin plastics could see annual profits shrink by 5% over the next decade or so because of regulations and taxes spurred by the consumer backlash. According to Paul Bjacek of Accenture, a consultancy, recycling all plastic packaging, rather than the 1% that is reused today could cut annual growth in demandfor oil and gas from 1% to 0.5% by 2040 as recycled materials gain market share.

Plastic packaging firms could suffer more. Credit-raters at Moody's have warned that Britain's proposed tax on plastic bottles could hurt their makers by discouraging use by consumer goods companiesand driving up the cost of recycled plastic, a scarce raw material as recycling rates are low. Ms Suchaklooked atfive big makers of plastic packaging and found that the pre-tax profits of four of them could fall by 11-33% in the medium term if they stick with virgin plastics. Amcor, an Australian giant, lists environmental concerns as the number-onerisk in its latest annual report

Then there is the petrochemicals industry. In a much-cited analysis from 2016, consultants at McKinsey calculated that the value of plastic disposed after a single use is $80bn-120bn a year. Reducing the number could benefit society but harm purveyors of the virgin materials. Last year Spencer Dale, chief economist of BP, a British oil giant, estimated that more plastics regulation could reduce demand for petrochemicals by a sixth in the next 20 years. Around a quarter of the revenues of Germany's BASF DowDuPont of America come from plastic. Both could suffer

According to the author, the plastic related concerns in the rich countries have:

As Western holiday makers escape their daily grind and head to the beach this summer, a concern is likely to resurface- literally really, if it washes up on the pristine sandin front of them. In the past two years plastic litter in the ocean seemsto have eclipsed other environmental anxieties among rich-world consumers. Harrowing imagesof sea life ensnared in plastic bags, as depicted in “Blue Planet II”, a popular British television series from 2017 presented by Sir David Attenborough, would be enough to make any one choke on the plastic straw in their pifia colada-if, that is, you were offered one. Politicians everywhere are responding to voters’ demands by banning straws,stirrers and other single- use plastics. The UN says that last year 127 countries had restrictions on plastic bags. This month Panama becamethe first Central American country to outlaw them. Britain is considering a tax on plastic packaging made with less than 30% recycled content. In March 560 members of the European Parliament backed a law that would require 90% ofplastic bottles to be recycled by 2029. Just 35 voted against.

Given the environmental footprint of substitutes like cotton bags, aluminium cans or paper boxes-which often require more energy and water to make and transport than plastic equivalents- new regulations could in fact end up doing harm to the planet. Nonetheless the plastics industry can expect ever more curbsonits products, a trend that will force businesses involved to reshape. Bottles, boxes, films and the like consume nearly half of global output of the polymers on which they rely. Many companiesin the $375bnplastic-packaging value chain-which comprises producers of oil and gas (the main feedstock), petrochemical giants packaging firms and consumerbrands-lookill-prepared

Companiesat either end of the chain are the least vulnerable. Beverage-makers will happily switch from oil-derived plastic to recycled stuff for their bottles-or to aluminium cans-so long as the numbers add up (which they do whenhighoil prices push up the cost of virgin plastic). Even so, ExxonMobil or Coca-Cola cannot relax. Seema Suchak of Schroders, an asset manager, estimates that fizzy-drinks firms that fail to reduce their reliance on virgin plastics could see annual profits shrink by 5% over the next decade or so because of regulations and taxes spurred by the consumer backlash. According to Paul Bjacek of Accenture, a consultancy, recycling all plastic packaging, rather than the 1% that is reused today could cut annual growth in demandfor oil and gas from 1% to 0.5% by 2040 as recycled materials gain market share.

Plastic packaging firms could suffer more. Credit-raters at Moody's have warned that Britain's proposed tax on plastic bottles could hurt their makers by discouraging use by consumer goods companiesand driving up the cost of recycled plastic, a scarce raw material as recycling rates are low. Ms Suchaklooked atfive big makers of plastic packaging and found that the pre-tax profits of four of them could fall by 11-33% in the medium term if they stick with virgin plastics. Amcor, an Australian giant, lists environmental concerns as the number-onerisk in its latest annual report

Then there is the petrochemicals industry. In a much-cited analysis from 2016, consultants at McKinsey calculated that the value of plastic disposed after a single use is $80bn-120bn a year. Reducing the number could benefit society but harm purveyors of the virgin materials. Last year Spencer Dale, chief economist of BP, a British oil giant, estimated that more plastics regulation could reduce demand for petrochemicals by a sixth in the next 20 years. Around a quarter of the revenues of Germany's BASF DowDuPont of America come from plastic. Both could suffer

The correct sequence in the plastic packaging value chain is:
 

As Western holiday makers escape their daily grind and head to the beach this summer, a concern is likely to resurface- literally really, if it washes up on the pristine sandin front of them. In the past two years plastic litter in the ocean seemsto have eclipsed other environmental anxieties among rich-world consumers. Harrowing imagesof sea life ensnared in plastic bags, as depicted in “Blue Planet II”, a popular British television series from 2017 presented by Sir David Attenborough, would be enough to make any one choke on the plastic straw in their pifia colada-if, that is, you were offered one. Politicians everywhere are responding to voters’ demands by banning straws,stirrers and other single- use plastics. The UN says that last year 127 countries had restrictions on plastic bags. This month Panama becamethe first Central American country to outlaw them. Britain is considering a tax on plastic packaging made with less than 30% recycled content. In March 560 members of the European Parliament backed a law that would require 90% ofplastic bottles to be recycled by 2029. Just 35 voted against

Given the environmental footprint of substitutes like cotton bags, aluminium cans or paper boxes-which often require more energy and water to make and transport than plastic equivalents- new regulations could in fact end up doing harm to the planet. Nonetheless the plastics industry can expect ever more curbsonits products, a trend that will force businesses involved to reshape. Bottles, boxes, films and the like consume nearly half of global output of the polymers on which they rely. Many companiesin the $375bnplastic-packaging value chain-which comprises producers of oil and gas (the main feedstock), petrochemical giants packaging firms and consumerbrands-lookill-prepared

Companiesat either end of the chain are the least vulnerable. Beverage-makers will happily switch from oil-derived plastic to recycled stuff for their bottles-or to aluminium cans-so long as the numbers add up (which they do whenhighoil prices push up the cost of virgin plastic). Even so, ExxonMobil or Coca-Cola cannot relax. Seema Suchak of Schroders, an asset manager, estimates that fizzy-drinks firms that fail to reduce their reliance on virgin plastics could see annual profits shrink by 5% over the next decade or so because of regulations and taxes spurred by the consumer backlash. According to Paul Bjacek of Accenture, a consultancy, recycling all plastic packaging, rather than the 1% that is reused today could cut annual growth in demandfor oil and gas from 1% to 0.5% by 2040 as recycled materials gain market share.

Plastic packaging firms could suffer more. Credit-raters at Moody's have warned that Britain's proposed tax on plastic bottles could hurt their makers by discouraging use by consumer goods companiesand driving up the cost of recycled plastic, a scarce raw material as recycling rates are low. Ms Suchaklooked atfive big makers of plastic packaging and found that the pre-tax profits of four of them could fall by 11-33% in the medium term if they stick with virgin plastics. Amcor, an Australian giant, lists environmental concerns as the number-onerisk in its latest annual report

Then there is the petrochemicals industry. In a much-cited analysis from 2016, consultants at McKinsey calculated that the value of plastic disposed after a single use is $80bn-120bn a year. Reducing the number could benefit society but harm purveyors of the virgin materials. Last year Spencer Dale, chief economist of BP, a British oil giant, estimated that more plastics regulation could reduce demand for petrochemicals by a sixth in the next 20 years. Around a quarter of the revenues of Germany's BASF DowDuPont of America come from plastic. Both could suffer

The political response to the people’s environmental concern is:
 

As Western holiday makers escape their daily grind and head to the beach this summer, a concern is likely to resurface- literally really, if it washes up on the pristine sandin front of them. In the past two years plastic litter in the ocean seemsto have eclipsed other environmental anxieties among rich-world consumers. Harrowing imagesof sea life ensnared in plastic bags, as depicted in “Blue Planet II”, a popular British television series from 2017 presented by Sir David Attenborough, would be enough to make any one choke on the plastic straw in their pifia colada-if, that is, you were offered one. Politicians everywhere are responding to voters’ demands by banning straws,stirrers and other single- use plastics. The UN says that last year 127 countries had restrictions on plastic bags. This month Panama becamethe first Central American country to outlaw them. Britain is considering a tax on plastic packaging made with less than 30% recycled content. In March 560 members of the European Parliament backed a law that would require 90% ofplastic bottles to be recycled by 2029. Just 35 voted against.

Given the environmental footprint of substitutes like cotton bags, aluminium cans or paper boxes-which often require more energy and water to make and transport than plastic equivalents- new regulations could in fact end up doing harm to the planet. Nonetheless the plastics industry can expect ever more curbsonits products, a trend that will force businesses involved to reshape. Bottles, boxes, films and the like consume nearly half of global output of the polymers on which they rely. Many companiesin the $375bnplastic-packaging value chain-which comprises producers of oil and gas (the main feedstock), petrochemical giants packaging firms and consumerbrands-lookill-prepared

Companiesat either end of the chain are the least vulnerable. Beverage-makers will happily switch from oil-derived plastic to recycled stuff for their bottles-or to aluminium cans-so long as the numbers add up (which they do whenhighoil prices push up the cost of virgin plastic). Even so, ExxonMobil or Coca-Cola cannot relax. Seema Suchak of Schroders, an asset manager, estimates that fizzy-drinks firms that fail to reduce their reliance on virgin plastics could see annual profits shrink by 5% over the next decade or so because of regulations and taxes spurred by the consumer backlash. According to Paul Bjacek of Accenture, a consultancy, recycling all plastic packaging, rather than the 1% that is reused today could cut annual growth in demandfor oil and gas from 1% to 0.5% by 2040 as recycled materials gain market share.

Plastic packaging firms could suffer more. Credit-raters at Moody's have warned that Britain's proposed tax on plastic bottles could hurt their makers by discouraging use by consumer goods companiesand driving up the cost of recycled plastic, a scarce raw material as recycling rates are low. Ms Suchaklooked atfive big makers of plastic packaging and found that the pre-tax profits of four of them could fall by 11-33% in the medium term if they stick with virgin plastics. Amcor, an Australian giant, lists environmental concerns as the number-onerisk in its latest annual report

Then there is the petrochemicals industry. In a much-cited analysis from 2016, consultants at McKinsey calculated that the value of plastic disposed after a single use is $80bn-120bn a year. Reducing the number could benefit society but harm purveyors of the virgin materials. Last year Spencer Dale, chief economist of BP, a British oil giant, estimated that more plastics regulation could reduce demand for petrochemicals by a sixth in the next 20 years. Around a quarter of the revenues of Germany's BASF DowDuPont of America come from plastic. Both could suffer

The new regulations on Plastic Packaging could end up doing more harm to the planet because:

Direction: Identify the appropriate meaning for the given root word:
Root word: Trit (as in attrition)

Direction: A number of sentences are given below which, when properly sequenced, form a COHERENT PARAGRAPH. Choose
the most LOGICAL ORDERofsentences from the choices given to construct a COHERENT PARAGRAPH.
A. You may create a visual memory that you can retrace, but physically you cannot experience it again.
B. Now is the only time you have.
C. Nothing is more valuable than the present moment because you can never get it back.
D. Once your past is gone, it doesn’t exist, no matter how many times you recreate it mentally.
E. The future hasn’t even arrived; but again, you keep taking yourself there mentally.
F. Tomorrow comes disguised as today and some of us don’t even notice.
 

Given beloware four statements:
Statement I: The main purpose of the visit is to develop a closer relationship among the two countries.
Statement II: The main purpose of the visit is to develop a closer relationship between the two countries.
Statement III: Between all the magazines on the shelves, only one was of my interest.
Statement IV: Among all the magazines on the shelves, only few were of my interests.
In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Given below are four statements:
Statement I: First we listened to the tape, then we answered some question, and at last we wrote the story.
Statement II: First we listened to the tape, then we answered some questions, and finally we wrote the story.
Statement III: We went from one restaurant to another, but all of them were full. At last we decided to buy some pizzas and take
them home.
Statement IV: We went from one restaurant to another, but all of them were full. In the end we decided to buy some pizzas and
take them home.
In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
 

Direction: Find the most appropriate word from the given options, which best describes the meaning provided in the question.
Meaning: The study of trains
 

Direction: A number of sentences are given below which, when properly sequenced, form a COHERENT PARAGRAPH. Choose
the most LOGICAL ORDER of sentences from the choices given to construct a COHERENT PARAGRAPH.
A. This is doubtful.
B. Paintings made in the first half of the 18th century show the members of one clan in different tartans, and even one clansman
with separate tartans for his coat, waistcoat and kilt, and it is unlikely that the clans kept strictly to particular tartans until the
19th century.
C. The oldest known painting showing Highland dress dates from about 1660, and few earlier records are reliable.
D. It is sometimes claimed that the different Scottish tartans served in ancient times to distinguish not only the different clans
but also the ranks of the clansmen.
 

Use the following table :

Below given (a) and (b) explain the meaning/synonym of two words from the above table. Identify the correct matching option
from the choices given below :
(a) happening suddenly for brief periods of time but not regular or continuous
(b) Impostor; Fraud; Quack

Match each word in the left hand column with description in the right hand column which best describes its meaning/synonym:

Choose the correct option.
 

Direction: Identify the appropriate meaning for the given root word:
Root word: Put (as in dispute/input)

Direction: A number of sentences are given below which, when properly sequenced, form a COHERENT PARAGRAPH. Choose
the most LOGICAL ORDER of sentences from the choices given to construct a COHERENT PARAGRAPH.
A. A belief is a feeling of certainty about a particular thing; it’s a passive knowing.
B. All human beings are basically just belief systems.
C. Our perception of the world is rooted in our beliefs.
D. Consequently, we all view the world differently.
E. We live our lives based on the beliefs that we’ve acquired through our experiences and accumulation of knowledge.
F. These beliefs are our individual truths that build our subjective realities.

Direction: Find the most appropriate word from the given options, which best describes the meaning provided in the question.
Meaning: The study of elections

Direction: Identify the appropriate meaning for the given root word:
Root word: xyl (as in xylophone)
 

Given below are four statements:
Statement I: You must be pleased to hear that I’ve already got the tickets.
Statement II: You'll be pleased to hear that I’ve already got the tickets.
Statement III: I have friends who would love to stay at home, but they have to go to work.
Statement IV: I have friends who should love to stay at home, but they must go to work.
In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Use the following table :

Below given (a) and (b) explain the meaning/synonym of two words from the above table. Identify the correct matching option
from the choices given below :
(a) Parody; Caricature; Ridicule
(b) Clot; Thicken; Coalesce 

Direction: Find the most appropriate word from the given options, which best describes the meaning provided in the question.
Meaning: Cheap or inferior goods

Use the following table :

Complete the crossword using words from the above table. There are more words than required.
Hints:

Across: (a) Strange or ugly in a way that’s not natural
(b) Narrow-minded; Provincial; Insular
Down: (a) Absolute; Genuine; Authentic; Actual
(b) Humorous; Light-hearted; Flippant
(c) a piece of writing or speech praising somebody/something
Choose the correct option :
 

Direction: Identify the option where usage of question mark is either incorrect or can be avoided.

Direction: Identify the option where usage of question mark is either incorrect or can be avoided.

Direction: Identify the appropriate meaning for the given root word:
Root word: Somn(as in Somniloquy)

Instructions [61 - 64 ]

Answer the following questions with the given information and the graphs:
There are two wholesale markets (Rajapur mandi and Sivapur mandi) in a state, where commodities are traded between buyers and
sellers. Commodity A and Commodity B are traded in Rajapur mandi whereas Commodity C is traded in Sivapur mandi. First graph given
below shows yearly average traded quantity of all commodities in the state. The second graph shows yearly traded quantities of
Commodity A and Commodity B in the wholesale market of Rajapur mand

How many times, the annual traded quantity in Sivapur mandi has been approximately same as quantities traded annually of any
item in Rajapur mandi?

Instructions [61 - 64 ]

Answer the following questions with the given information and the graphs:
There are two wholesale markets (Rajapur mandi and Sivapur mandi) in a state, where commodities are traded between buyers and sellers. Commodity A and Commodity B are traded in Rajapur mandi whereas Commodity C is traded in Sivapur mandi. First graph given below shows yearly average traded quantity of all commodities in the state. The second graph shows yearly traded quantities of Commodity A and Commodity B in the wholesale market of Rajapur mand

From the years given below, in which year annual percentage change in Commodity C has been lowest?

Instructions [61 - 64 ]

Answer the following questions with the given information and the graphs:
There are two wholesale markets (Rajapur mandi and Sivapur mandi) in a state, where commodities are traded between buyers and sellers. Commodity A and Commodity B are traded in Rajapur mandi whereas Commodity C is traded in Sivapur mandi. First graph given below shows yearly average traded quantity of all commodities in the state. The second graph shows yearly traded quantities of Commodity A and Commodity B in the wholesale market of Rajapur mand

How many times the annual percentage change in the quantity traded of any commodity in the state is same in two consecutive
years?

Instructions [61 - 64 ]

Answer the following questions with the given information and the graphs:
There are two wholesale markets (Rajapur mandi and Sivapur mandi) in a state, where commodities are traded between buyers and sellers. Commodity A and Commodity B are traded in Rajapur mandi whereas Commodity C is traded in Sivapur mandi. First graph given below shows yearly average traded quantity of all commodities in the state. The second graph shows yearly traded quantities of Commodity A and Commodity B in the wholesale market of Rajapur mand

How many times, the annual average traded quantity in Rajapur mandi has been lower than quantity of Commodity C traded in
Sivapur mandi?

Instructions [65 - 68 ]

Answer the following questions with the given information and the graph:
Alpha company uses Rex as main raw material for manufacturing Item A, Item B, Item C and Item D.
The graph below shows the proportion of items produced and price trend of Rex. Annual Res_Index of an item in a given year is measured as follows:

Res_Index of Item A in Year 2013 = Absolute Value (Production of Item A in 2013 - Production of Item A in 2012) / Absolute Value (Rex Price in 2013 - Rex Price in 2012)

How many times proportion of an Item manufactured has not been changed in the subsequent year?

Instructions [65 - 68 ]

Answer the following questions with the given information and the graph:
Alpha company uses Rex as main raw material for manufacturing Item A, Item B, Item C and Item D.
The graph below shows the proportion of items produced and price trend of Rex. Annual Res_Index of an item in a given year is measured as follows:

Res_Index of Item A in Year 2013 = Absolute Value (Production of Item A in 2013 - Production of Item A in 2012) / Absolute Value (Rex Price in 2013 - Rex Price in 2012)

In which year, Rex Price had highest percentage increase?

Instructions [65 - 68 ]

Answer the following questions with the given information and the graph:
Alpha company uses Rex as main raw material for manufacturing Item A, Item B, Item C and Item D.
The graph below shows the proportion of items produced and price trend of Rex. Annual Res_Index of an item in a given year is measured as follows:

Res_Index of Item A in Year 2013 = Absolute Value (Production of Item A in 2013 - Production of Item A in 2012) / Absolute Value (Rex Price in 2013 - Rex Price in 2012)

From the years mentioned below, in which year average Res_Index of all items manufactured was highest?

Instructions [65 - 68 ]

Answer the following questions with the given information and the graph:
Alpha company uses Rex as main raw material for manufacturing Item A, Item B, Item C and Item D.
The graph below shows the proportion of items produced and price trend of Rex. Annual Res_Index of an item in a given year is measured as follows:

Res_Index of Item A in Year 2013 = Absolute Value (Production of Item A in 2013 - Production of Item A in 2012) / Absolute Value (Rex Price in 2013 - Rex Price in 2012)

From the years mentioned below,in which year Res_Index for item D was highest?

Instructions [69 - 72 ]

Answer the following questions with the given information and the data:
The table given below gives the Production, Consumption and Export details of 10 products of Timbuktu Island. All that is produced is either consumed orexported. If production of any product is falling short of consumption and exports taken together, then that product is imported. There are no Storage facilities in the island.

For how many products, imports have shown increasing trend?

Instructions [69 - 72 ]

Answer the following questions with the given information and the data:
The table given below gives the Production, Consumption and Export details of 10 products of Timbuktu Island. All that is produced is either consumed orexported. If production of any product is falling short of consumption and exports taken together, then that product is imported. There are no Storage facilities in the island.

For which of the following product codes, the difference between average production and average consumption is least?

Instructions [69 - 72 ]

Answer the following questions with the given information and the data:
The table given below gives the Production, Consumption and Export details of 10 products of Timbuktu Island. All that is produced is either consumed orexported. If production of any product is falling short of consumption and exports taken together, then that product is imported. There are no Storage facilities in the island.

For which of the following product codes, exports as a percentage of production, is highest in any year?

Instructions [69 - 72 ]

Answer the following questions with the given information and the data:
The table given below gives the Production, Consumption and Export details of 10 products of Timbuktu Island. All that is produced is either consumed orexported. If production of any product is falling short of consumption and exports taken together, then that product is imported. There are no Storage facilities in the island.

For how many products there were no imports in any year?

Instructions [73 - 76 ]
Answer the following questions with the given information and the data:
ABC Ltd. supplies a health drink in various cities of India. The drink is available in two packs of 500 ml and 1000 ml. Samples are used for promotion of the product whereas the wastage can happen because of breakage, leakage etc. In 2018, the total of sales, samples distributed and wastage of the both pack sizes was 13380. The ratio of wastage to samples of packs of 500 ml and 1000 ml combined together, in all cities is 5:3. 

What is the number of 1000 ml packs sold in Lucknow city in 2018?

Instructions [73 - 76 ]
Answer the following questions with the given information and the data:
ABC Ltd. supplies a health drink in various cities of India. The drink is available in two packs of 500 ml and 1000 ml. Samples are used for promotion of the product whereas the wastage can happen because of breakage, leakage etc. In 2018, the total of sales, samples distributed and wastage of the both pack sizes was 13380. The ratio of wastage to samples of packs of 500 ml and 1000 ml combined together, in all cities is 5:3. 

What is the percentage of units of both pack sizes wasted compared to distributed as samples in Chennai in 2018?

Instructions [73 - 76 ]
Answer the following questions with the given information and the data:
ABC Ltd. supplies a health drink in various cities of India. The drink is available in two packs of 500 ml and 1000 ml. Samples are used for promotion of the product whereas the wastage can happen because of breakage, leakage etc. In 2018, the total of sales, samples distributed and wastage of the both pack sizes was 13380. The ratio of wastage to samples of packs of 500 ml and 1000 ml combined together, in all cities is 5:3. 

What is the percentage of units of both pack sizes wasted compared to distributed as samples in Chennai in 2018?

Instructions [73 - 76 ]
Answer the following questions with the given information and the data:
ABC Ltd. supplies a health drink in various cities of India. The drink is available in two packs of 500 ml and 1000 ml. Samples are used for promotion of the product whereas the wastage can happen because of breakage, leakage etc. In 2018, the total of sales, samples distributed and wastage of the both pack sizes was 13380. The ratio of wastage to samples of packs of 500 ml and 1000 ml combined together, in all cities is 5:3. 

Which of the following cities has lowest wastage compared to total units sold in the year 2018?

Instructions [77 - 80 ]
Based on the information, answer the questions which follow:
100 families planned wedding on 21st December 2020 at 9 pm, an auspicious day and time in New Delhi and booked a marriage hall online in Chattarpur Farms. Due to a technical glitch the hall was booked simultaneously for 64 families who received a confirmation with a deposit of ? 1 Lakh each. The managementon identifying the glitch was troubled and contacted the families for a refund but the  families were not ready to accommodate. The managementand the families then mutually agreed to have a toss in order to decide which family will be finally allotted the venue. Certain directions regarding holdingthe toss are as follows:
1. The families were allotted a number from 1 to 64 in alphabetical ascending order of their names.
2. It was further decided, Family 1 will have a toss with Family 64 andis considered as Toss 1. Toss 2 will be between Family 2 and Family 63 and Toss 3 between Family 3 and Family 62 and so on.
3. The winner of each toss moves to the next round and the winner of Toss 1 will now have a toss with winner of Toss 32, winner of Toss 2 with Toss 31 and so on.
4. The remaining rounds of toss are in ascending order i.e. winner of Toss 1 with Toss 2, winner of Toss 3 with Toss 4 and so till there is one winner.
5. It was also decided that if the final winner withdrawsand hands over the venue to the other finalist, the winner will be given ? 1.5 Lakh over and above the refund amount.

If family 57 is in the finals, then which family in ascending order can propose to withdraw and take an amount of 1.5 Lakh along with the refund.

Instructions [77 - 80 ]
Based on the information, answer the questions which follow:
100 families planned wedding on 21st December 2020 at 9 pm, an auspicious day and time in New Delhi and booked a marriage hall online in Chattarpur Farms. Due to a technical glitch the hall was booked simultaneously for 64 families who received a confirmation with a deposit of ? 1 Lakh each. The managementon identifying the glitch was troubled and contacted the families for a refund but the families were not ready to accommodate. The managementand the families then mutually agreed to have a toss in order to decide which family will be finally allotted the venue. Certain directions regarding holdingthe toss are as follows:
1. The families were allotted a number from 1 to 64 in alphabetical ascending order of their names.
2. It was further decided, Family 1 will have a toss with Family 64 andis considered as Toss 1. Toss 2 will be between Family 2 and Family 63 and Toss 3 between Family 3 and Family 62 and so on.
3. The winner of each toss moves to the next round and the winner of Toss 1 will now have a toss with winner of Toss 32, winner of Toss 2 with Toss 31 and so on.
4. The remaining rounds of toss are in ascending order i.e. winner of Toss 1 with Toss 2, winner of Toss 3 with Toss 4 and so till there is one winner.
5. It was also decided that if the final winner withdrawsand hands over the venue to the other finalist, the winner will be given ? 1.5 Lakh over and above the refund amount.

If family 51 won the toss, then with which family can they not havea toss in the finals?

Instructions [77 - 80 ]
Based on the information, answer the questions which follow:
100 families planned wedding on 21st December 2020 at 9 pm, an auspicious day and time in New Delhi and booked a marriage hall online in Chattarpur Farms. Due to a technical glitch the hall was booked simultaneously for 64 families who received a confirmation with a deposit of ? 1 Lakh each. The managementon identifying the glitch was troubled and contacted the families for a refund but the families were not ready to accommodate. The managementand the families then mutually agreed to have a toss in order to decide which family will be finally allotted the venue. Certain directions regarding holdingthe toss are as follows:
1. The families were allotted a number from 1 to 64 in alphabetical ascending order of their names.
2. It was further decided, Family 1 will have a toss with Family 64 andis considered as Toss 1. Toss 2 will be between Family 2 and Family 63 and Toss 3 between Family 3 and Family 62 and so on.
3. The winner of each toss moves to the next round and the winner of Toss 1 will now have a toss with winner of Toss 32, winner of Toss 2 with Toss 31 and so on.
4. The remaining rounds of toss are in ascending order i.e. winner of Toss 1 with Toss 2, winner of Toss 3 with Toss 4 and so till there is one winner.
5. It was also decided that if the final winner withdrawsand hands over the venue to the other finalist, the winner will be given ? 1.5 Lakh over and above the refund amount.

From the following, which family in descending order can have the toss with Family 12 in finals?

Instructions [77 - 80 ]
Based on the information, answer the questions which follow:
100 families planned wedding on 21st December 2020 at 9 pm, an auspicious day and time in New Delhi and booked a marriage hall online in Chattarpur Farms. Due to a technical glitch the hall was booked simultaneously for 64 families who received a confirmation with a deposit of ? 1 Lakh each. The managementon identifying the glitch was troubled and contacted the families for a refund but the families were not ready to accommodate. The managementand the families then mutually agreed to have a toss in order to decide which family will be finally allotted the venue. Certain directions regarding holdingthe toss are as follows:
1. The families were allotted a number from 1 to 64 in alphabetical ascending order of their names.
2. It was further decided, Family 1 will have a toss with Family 64 andis considered as Toss 1. Toss 2 will be between Family 2 and Family 63 and Toss 3 between Family 3 and Family 62 and so on.
3. The winner of each toss moves to the next round and the winner of Toss 1 will now have a toss with winner of Toss 32, winner of Toss 2 with Toss 31 and so on.
4. The remaining rounds of toss are in ascending order i.e. winner of Toss 1 with Toss 2, winner of Toss 3 with Toss 4 and so till there is one winner.
5. It was also decided that if the final winner withdrawsand hands over the venue to the other finalist, the winner will be given ? 1.5 Lakh over and above the refund amount.

If a toss was between family 9 and family 13, then one toss can be between

Instructions [81 - 82 ]
Based on the information, answer the questions which follow:
In a department of a hospital, Amir, Sahil, Vaibhav and Gaurav are doctors and each of them has a duty from 9 am of Day 1 to 9 am of Day 2 for 24 hours in the same order oneafter the other. After each duty, the doctor gets an off for 3 days, including the day heis relieved from duty. For example,if Amir has a duty on Monday, his next duty will now fall on Friday and this rotation goes on.

Instructions [81 - 82 ]
Based on the information, answer the questions which follow:
In a department of a hospital, Amir, Sahil, Vaibhav and Gaurav are doctors and each of them has a duty from 9 am of Day 1 to 9 am of Day 2 for 24 hours in the same order oneafter the other. After each duty, the doctor gets an off for 3 days, including the day heis relieved from duty. For example,if Amir has a duty on Monday, his next duty will now fall on Friday and this rotation goes on.

If on 14^th  February 2020, Sahil was on duty, then who did the maximum number of duties in that month?

Instructions [83 - 86 ]
Based on the information, answer the questions which follow:
In an ICU with a capacity of 8 patients, due to COVID-19, beds were arranged in circular pattern. Thus, now at a time 8 patients can be accommodated. As a basic measure, patients are administered with an IV fluid replacement which as per medical guidelines is 25-30 ml/kg per day. A senior doctor explained to a new intern the amountof IV fluid replacement for each patient but the intern mixes up the doses. From the information given below,help the intern to administer right doses to each patient.
1. On a given day, 4 married couples were admitted to the ICU namely, A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H.
2. A, D, E and are males and the rest are females. Males are married to females. Each patient was prescribed a replacement from among 25, 28 and 30 ml/kg not necessarily in the same order.
3. Any 2 couples do not have the same dose and are neither adjacent nor opposite to each other.
4. A, who was prescribed 30 ml/kg was opposite C while E who was prescribed 28 ml/kg was opposite G and E’s spouse wasprescribed 25 ml/kg.
5. H is married to F, while D who was not prescribed 25 ml/kg is not married to G.
6. B who was prescribed 30 ml/kg was to the immediate left of C and also to the immediate right of the spouse of C.
7. None of the 4 males receive IV replacement lower than 28 ml/kg while there is one male patient between B and their spouse.
8. A’s spouse receives a replacement of 28 ml/kg same as that of F’s spouse, who are next to each other.

Who among the following is adjacent to A?

Instructions [83 - 86 ]
Based on the information, answer the questions which follow:
In an ICU with a capacity of 8 patients, due to COVID-19, beds were arranged in circular pattern. Thus, now at a time 8 patients can be accommodated. As a basic measure, patients are administered with an IV fluid replacement which as per medical guidelines is 25-30 ml/kg per day. A senior doctor explained to a new intern the amountof IV fluid replacement for each patient but the intern mixes up the doses. From the information given below,help the intern to administer right doses to each patient.
1. On a given day, 4 married couples were admitted to the ICU namely, A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H.
2. A, D, E and are males and the rest are females. Males are married to females. Each patient was prescribed a replacement from among 25, 28 and 30 ml/kg not necessarily in the same order.
3. Any 2 couples do not have the same dose and are neither adjacent nor opposite to each other.
4. A, who was prescribed 30 ml/kg was opposite C while E who was prescribed 28 ml/kg was opposite G and E’s spouse wasprescribed 25 ml/kg.
5. H is married to F, while D who was not prescribed 25 ml/kg is not married to G.
6. B who was prescribed 30 ml/kg was to the immediate left of C and also to the immediate right of the spouse of C.
7. None of the 4 males receive IV replacement lower than 28 ml/kg while there is one male patient between B and their spouse.
8. A’s spouse receives a replacement of 28 ml/kg same as that of F’s spouse, who are next to each other.

What is the transfusion amount for the spouse of D who weighs 80 kg?

Instructions [83 - 86 ]
Based on the information, answer the questions which follow:
In an ICU with a capacity of 8 patients, due to COVID-19, beds were arranged in circular pattern. Thus, now at a time 8 patients can be accommodated. As a basic measure, patients are administered with an IV fluid replacement which as per medical guidelines is 25-30 ml/kg per day. A senior doctor explained to a new intern the amountof IV fluid replacement for each patient but the intern mixes up the doses. From the information given below,help the intern to administer right doses to each patient.
1. On a given day, 4 married couples were admitted to the ICU namely, A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H.
2. A, D, E and are males and the rest are females. Males are married to females. Each patient was prescribed a replacement from among 25, 28 and 30 ml/kg not necessarily in the same order.
3. Any 2 couples do not have the same dose and are neither adjacent nor opposite to each other.
4. A, who was prescribed 30 ml/kg was opposite C while E who was prescribed 28 ml/kg was opposite G and E’s spouse wasprescribed 25 ml/kg.
5. H is married to F, while D who was not prescribed 25 ml/kg is not married to G.
6. B who was prescribed 30 ml/kg was to the immediate left of C and also to the immediate right of the spouse of C.
7. None of the 4 males receive IV replacement lower than 28 ml/kg while there is one male patient between B and their spouse.
8. A’s spouse receives a replacement of 28 ml/kg same as that of F’s spouse, who are next to each other.

The spouse of which person has an IV infusion of 25 ml/kg?

Instructions [83 - 86 ]
Based on the information, answer the questions which follow:
In an ICU with a capacity of 8 patients, due to COVID-19, beds were arranged in circular pattern. Thus, now at a time 8 patients can be accommodated. As a basic measure, patients are administered with an IV fluid replacement which as per medical guidelines is 25-30 ml/kg per day. A senior doctor explained to a new intern the amountof IV fluid replacement for each patient but the intern mixes up the doses. From the information given below,help the intern to administer right doses to each patient.
1. On a given day, 4 married couples were admitted to the ICU namely, A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H.
2. A, D, E and are males and the rest are females. Males are married to females. Each patient was prescribed a replacement from among 25, 28 and 30 ml/kg not necessarily in the same order.
3. Any 2 couples do not have the same dose and are neither adjacent nor opposite to each other.
4. A, who was prescribed 30 ml/kg was opposite C while E who was prescribed 28 ml/kg was opposite G and E’s spouse wasprescribed 25 ml/kg.
5. H is married to F, while D who was not prescribed 25 ml/kg is not married to G.
6. B who was prescribed 30 ml/kg was to the immediate left of C and also to the immediate right of the spouse of C.
7. None of the 4 males receive IV replacement lower than 28 ml/kg while there is one male patient between B and their spouse.
8. A’s spouse receives a replacement of 28 ml/kg same as that of F’s spouse, who are next to each other.

The transfusion amount is same for which of the following?

Abeer has 14 novels. Abeer’s friend Sanjay takes 3 of them and gives 2 novels to Abeer. Abeer donates 7 novels but buys 4. Joy takes 4 novels from Abeer and gives him 5. Abeer takes one novel from Sanjay and gives to Joy in exchange for 3 more. Abeer gives those 3 novels to Sanjay and he gives Abeer a novel and a magazine. Rahul takes the magazine which Sanjay gave to Abeer and gives Abeer a textbook. Abeer gives the text book to Joy in exchange for a novel. Rahul takes the novel from Sanjay, gives it to Joy for a magazine and gives Abeer the magazine for a novel. How many textbooks does Abeer have?

If ‘Ola bae mare’ means Girlis pretty, ‘sou ola may’ means Raj is handsome, ‘Sab rib may’ means All are handsome, ‘To joy bae’ means Mom was pretty. Then which word stands for Girl?

Five vegetables are placed in a row in a grocery store. Carrot is at the extreme left and adjacent to Cucumber. Tomato and Cucumber are not placed together. Onion and Capsicum are placed together but Onion is not next to Tomato. Which of the vegetables are at the extreme ends?

In an organization with 70 employees, 30 are females and 30 employees are married. 24 employees hold a graduation degree. 19 married employees are graduates of which 7 are males. 12 males are graduates while 15 males are married. How many unmarried graduate females are employed in the organization?

Logistic Performance Index is published by which organisation ?

The needle on a compass constantly sways between true north and magnetic north. The angle between true north and magnetic north is known as :

The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)is released by -

Beyond the Last Blue Mountain’’ is the autobiography of which businessman ?

Name of which ofthe following car brand means ‘‘Shark’’ ?

Priyanca Radhakrishna, is the first-ever Indian-origin minister in which country?
1. New Zealand
2. Australia
3. United Kingdom
4. Fiji

Which of the following country is not a member of ASEAN ?

Birdie and Eagle are two terms related to which of the following sports ?
1. Polo
2. Golf
3. Chess
4. Billiards

Choose the correct option about Tubarial gland:
A. Discovered at Netherland Cancer Institute
B. They are fourth pair of Salivary Glands
C. Will benefit patients with Liver and Pancreatic cancer
D. Its length is 3.5 mm

World Economic Forum was founded by:
 

Match the country with its Leader.

Kho Kho,a popular sport played in India, has been part of which of the following Games?
 

Match the movie with the personality on whose life it is based.

Which social media platform has received approval from the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI),to enter UPI market?

Match List I with List II.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
 

Match List I with List II.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 

The following Quad navies participated in the second phase of Malabar exercise that took place in the Arabian Sea in November, 2020:

Which nation has formally exited the Paris Climate Agreement?

Ngultrum is the currency of —

Which country has the largest labour force in the world?